COVID-19 in persons with diabetes and obesity in a cluster of metabolic syndrome
Keywords:
diabetes mellitus, obesity, metabolic syndrome, COVID-19, pathogenesis
Abstract
The new coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus is a current issue for both national and international healthcare. It has already been established that those most vulnerable to this viral infection have a pronounced, severe course and high mortality rate. These are patients with various chronic diseases, including diabetes mellitus (DM) and obesity, which are the main components of the metabolic syndrome (MS). This article describes the epidemiology, the pathogenesis, the most common symptoms, and the characteristics of COVID-19 in obese patients with DM.
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References
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27. Richard C, Wadowski M, Goruk S, Cameron L, Sharma AM, Field CJ. Individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes have additional immune dysfunction compared with obese individuals who are metabolically healthy. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2017;5(1): e000379. doi:10.1136/bmjdrc 2016-000379.
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Babenko A.Yu., Laevskaya M.Yu. Diabetes mellitus and COVID 19. How are they related? Modern strategies of struggle. Arterial hypertension. 2020;26(3):304–311. doi:10.18705/1607-419X-2020-26-3-304-311. [In Russian]
2. Gupta R, Ghosh A, Singh AK, Misra A. Clinical considerations for patients with diabetes in times of COVID 19 epidemic. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(3):211–212. doi:10.1016/ j.dsx.2020.03.002.
3. Yang J, Zheng Y, Gou X, Pu K, Chen Z, Guo Q. Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARSCoV 2: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;94:91–95. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.
4. Xue T, Li Q, Zhang Q, Lin W, Wen J, Li L et al. Blood glucose levels in elderly subjects with type 2 diabetes during COVID 19 outbreak: a retrospective study in a single center. medRxiv. 2020. [Рublished online 2 April 2020]. doi:10.1101/2020.03.31.20048579.
5. Does comorbidity increase the risk of patients with COVID-19: evidence from meta-analysis / B. Wang [et al.] // Aging (Albany NY). – 2020. – Vol. 12. – P. 6049-6057. URL: https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.103000.
6. Epidemiology Working Group for Ncip Epidemic Response. [The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China. (In Chinese)]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2020;41(2):145−151.
7. CDC. Preliminary estimates of the prevalence of selected underlying health conditions among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 − United States, February 12 − March 28, 2020. MMWR. 2020;69(13):382–386.
8. Onder G, Rezza G, Brusaferro S. Case-fatality rate and characteristics of patients dying in relation to COVID-19 in Italy. JAMA. 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4683.
9. Singh AK, Gupta R, Ghosh A, Misra A. Diabetes in COVID-19: Prevalence, pathophysiology, prognosis and practical considerations. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(4):303–310. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.004
10. Huang I, Lim MA, Pranata R. Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased mortality and severity of disease in COVID-19 pneumonia – a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(4):395–403. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.018.
11. Ling, L., Lianfeng, L., Wei, C., Taisheng, L. Hypothesis for potential pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection–a review of immune changes in patients with viral pneumonia // Emerg Microbes Infect. – 2020. – Vol. 9(1). – P. 727-732. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1746199.
12. Tang, N.L., Chan, P.K., Wong, C.K. et al. Early enhanced expression of interferon-inducible protein-10 (CXCL-10) and other chemokines predicts adverse outcome in severe acute respiratory syndrome // Clin Chem. – 2005. – Vol. 51. – P. 2333–2340. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2005.054460.
13. Zhang, H., Penninger, J.M., Li, Y., Zhong, N., Slutsky, A. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target // Intensive Care Med. – 2020. – Vol. 46(4). – P. 586–590. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-05985-9.
14. Wu, Z., McGoogan, J.M. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention // JAMA. – 2020. doi.: 10.1001/jama.2020.2648.
15. Channappanavar, R., Perlman, S. Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology // Semin Immunopathol. – 2017. – Vol. 39. – P. 529–539. doi: 10.10 07/s0 0281-017-0629-x.
16. Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L. et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China // Lancet. – 2020. – Vol. 395(10223), Feb 15. – P. 497–506. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.
17. Jing, Y., Zheng, Y. Gou, X. et al. Prevalence of comorbidities in the novel Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis // Int J Infect Dis. – 2020. – Mar 12. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017.
18. Xu, Z., Shi, L., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Huang, L., Zhang, C. et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome // Lancet Respir Med. – 2020. – Feb 18. doi:10.1016/S2213-260 0(20)30 076-X.
19. Rabi FA, Al Zoubi MS, Kasasbeh GA, et al. SARS-CoV-2 and coronavirus disease 2019: what we know so far. Pathogens. 2020;9(3):231–235. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9030231
20. Puig-Domingo M, Marazuela M, Giustina A. COVID-19 and endocrine diseases. A statement from the European Society of Endocrinology. Endocrine. 2020 Apr;68(1):2-5. doi: 10.1007/s12020-020-02294-5. PMID: 32279224; PMCID: PMC7150529.
21. Bornstein SR, Dalan R, Hopkins D, Mingrone G, Boehm BO. Endocrine and metabolic link to coronavirus infection. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2020;16(6):297–298. doi.org/10.1038/s41574-020- 0353-9.
22. Vaduganathan M, Vardeny O, Michel T, McMurray JJV, Pfeffer MA, Solomon SD. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors in patients with Covid 19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(17):1653–1659. doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsr2005760.
23. Yang JK, Lin SS, Ji XJ, Guo LM. Binding of SARS coronavirus to its receptor damages islets and causes acute diabetes. Acta Diabetol. 2010;47(3):193–199. doi.org/10.1007/s00592-009- 0109-4.
24. Carlsson PO, Berne C, Jansson L. Angiotensin II and the endocrine pancreas: effects on islet blood flow and insulin secretion in rats. Diabetologia. 1998;41(2):127–133.
25. Richard C, Wadowski M, Goruk S, Cameron L, Sharma AM, Field CJ. Individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes have additional immune dysfunction compared with obese individuals who are metabolically healthy. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2017;5(1): e000379. doi:10.1136/bmjdrc 2016-000379.
26. Ouchi N, Parker JL, Lugus JJ, Walsh K. Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11(2):85–97.
27. Richard C, Wadowski M, Goruk S, Cameron L, Sharma AM, Field CJ. Individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes have additional immune dysfunction compared with obese individuals who are metabolically healthy. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2017;5(1): e000379. doi:10.1136/bmjdrc 2016-000379.
28. Green WD, Beck MA. Obesity impairs the adaptive immune response to influenza virus. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(Suppl. 5):S406–S409.
29. Simonnet A, Chetboun M, Poissy J, Raverdy V, Noulette J, Duhamel A et al. High prevalence of obesity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV 2) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2020. [Ahead of print, published online 9 April 2020]. doi:10.1002/ oby.22831.
30. Kravchuk E.N, Neymark A.E, Babenko A.Yu, Grineva E.N. Obesity and COVID 19. Arterial’naya Gipertenziya = Arterial Hypertension. 2020;26(4):439–445. doi:10.18705/1607-419X-2020-26-4-440-446
Published
2021-03-14
How to Cite
Khokhlova A., Boichenko P., Parkhomchuk D., Vostrikov A. COVID-19 in persons with diabetes and obesity in a cluster of metabolic syndrome // Patologicheskaya Fiziologiya i Eksperimental’naya Terapiya (Pathological physiology and experimental therapy). 2021. VOL. 65. № 1. PP. 102–106.
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